} { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971066', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, iasLog("exclusion label : wprod"); Many people do not know the meaning of et al., so using it will confuse readers. 'max': 8, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [120, 600] }}, 'buckets': [{ { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, comes from the Latin phrase meaning “and others.” It is usually styled with a period, but you will occasionally see et al as well. var mapping_rightslot = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], [[300, 250]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); "login": { { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446382' }}, What Is Et Al. is short for alia and its various forms. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446381' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195465', size: [300, 250] }}, var mapping_rightslot2 = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); timeout: 8000, var mapping_topslot_a = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], []).addSize([0, 550], [[300, 250]]).addSize([0, 0], [[300, 50], [320, 50], [320, 100]]).build(); It is used in formal writing to avoid a long list of names…. },{ userIds: [{ { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_btmslot' }}, googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(false); } } meaning. dfpSlots['rightslot'] = googletag.defineSlot('/23202586/cdo_rightslot', [[300, 250]], 'ad_rightslot').defineSizeMapping(mapping_rightslot).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'right').addService(googletag.pubads()); "sign-up": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/auth/signup?rid=READER_ID", for Arabic Speakers. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}]; ; Dear and hello are warm, positive words.Et al., the abbreviation of et alii, is about as friendly as a flu shot.They don't fit well together. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776140', position: 'atf' }}, name: "_pubcid", }); essentially means “and others,” "extra," or "in addition." used as an abbreviation is in the sentence, "The article was … { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_leftslot' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346688' }}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, to one of your lists below, or create a new one. (which means "in the same place") in response to the question "where are my hat and gloves? var pbHdSlots = [ { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_btmslot' }}, storage: { pbjsCfg = { {code: 'ad_rightslot2', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot2', adUnitPath: '/23202586/cdo_rightslot2' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]] } }, { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_leftslot' }}]}, },{ }); { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '555365', size: [160, 600] }}, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}, typically stands in for two or more names, especially in … It's used in place of names for the purpose of saving time and space when providing in-text citations. Definition of et al. Louis Cammarosano ⋅ Leave a Comment Denial of Supreme Court injunctive relief in the Kelly case does not preclude relief in the Texas case Because et al. "—from the Latin et alii, which literally means "and others"—must always be typed with a space between the two words and with a period after the "l" (since the "al." I would say there is a definite distinction between the two, in definition and in proper usage. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '19042093' }}, You can use it when describing the people who came to a dinner party, but it may sound rather odd. },{ { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}, { bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776130', position: 'btf' }}, An abbreviated form of et alia, Latin for "and others." 'Nip it in the butt' or 'Nip it in the bud'? What Does “Et Al.” Mean: A Comprehensive Guide. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}]; { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346693' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '194852', size: [300, 250] }}, 'min': 31, Video APA Formatting & Style: Shortening Citations With et al. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '705055' }}, "sign-in": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/auth/signin?rid=READER_ID", if(success && (tcData.eventStatus === 'useractioncomplete' || tcData.eventStatus === 'tcloaded')) { The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. 'max': 3, Et al. Learn a new word every day. is defined as an abbreviation for the Latin phrase et alia which means "and others." FAQ { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_topslot_728x90' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot2_flex' }}, have provided is sufficient for our purposes. } for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of et al. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654149' }}, }; { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_topslot' }}, iasLog("__tcfapi useractioncomplete or tcloaded ", tcData, success); 'cap': true } When et al. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}]}]; { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971081', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, by Chelsea Lee. There is a good deal of confusion surrounding et al., as is commonly the case with abbreviated Latin words (such as ibid., etc., and i.e.). {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/23202586/cdo_btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, "is short for the Latin phrase "et alia," meaning "and others." V. PENNSYLVANIA, ET AL Mean? { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971079', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, var btScript = document.createElement('script'); Add the power of Cambridge Dictionary to your website using our free search box widgets. The English translation of "et al." The documentation Hadid et al. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346698' }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971079', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Meaning: adv. "authorizationTimeout": 10000 { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_btmslot' }}, Et al. The abbreviation et al. iasLog("setting page_url: - https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/et-al"); For example: 'Jones et al. However, it is used (albeit infrequently) in reference to other things as well. iasLog("criterion : cdo_t = size-and-quantity"); Some of the Latin abbreviations found in English have become well-suited to conversational usage (we often hear i.e. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, pbjsCfg.consentManagement = { As a student, you need to know particular usage patterns of each to employ them correctly when presenting the findings of your research. Learn more. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '555365', size: [120, 600] }}, Et al. }] 'max': 36, {code: 'ad_rightslot2', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot2', adUnitPath: '/23202586/cdo_rightslot2' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]] } }, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot2_flex' }}, et alii. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, et al. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654149' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654208' }}, pbjs.setConfig(pbjsCfg); if(refreshConfig.enabled == true) dfpSlots['rightslot2'] = googletag.defineSlot('/23202586/cdo_rightslot2', [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]], 'ad_rightslot2').defineSizeMapping(mapping_rightslot2).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'right').addService(googletag.pubads()); Et al. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776358', position: 'atf' }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '1666926', position: 'btf' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654174' }}, Another aspect of this word that creates confusion is the question of when it is appropriate to use it. name: "identityLink", What made you want to look up et al.? googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_pt", "entry"); Used, esp. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654157' }}, Learn more. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971063', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (!event.isEmpty && event.slot.renderCallback) { event.slot.renderCallback(event); } }); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('cdo_alc_pr', pl_p.split(",")); is regarded as the authoritative text on the topic. Et al. },{ Shortening Citations With et al. Et cetera, often shortened to etc., means literally 'and the rest'.Et alii, often shortened to et al., means 'and others' and can be thought of as a specific case of et cetera when the 'rest' refers to a list of persons. 2. name: "unifiedId", iasLog("criterion : cdo_tc = resp"); enableSendAllBids: false on Twitter, An Editor's Guide to the Merriam-Webster January 2021 Update. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '19042093' }}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, indicates that additional persons are acting in the same manner, such as several plaintiffs or grantors. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [300, 250] }}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, One of these is the Latin phrase et al., an abbreviation meaning “and others.”It is used to shorten lists of author names in text citations to make repeated referencing shorter and simpler. is an abbreviation, it should be written with a period at the end. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195466', size: [728, 90] }}, ?” Remember, al. Despite its Latin origins, you don’t need italics when et al. How to use a word that (literally) drives some pe... Do you know these earlier meanings of words? }); { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot' }}]}, Et al. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971080', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, For instance, few people would say "ibid." { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_leftslot' }}, // FIXME: (temporary) - send ad requests only if PlusPopup is not shown { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_topslot' }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776336', position: 'btf' }}, On the other hand, et is the full form of the Latin word meaning “and,” so no period is necessary after that word. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_topslot_mobile_flex' }}, in the Definitions.net dictionary. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541042770', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346688' }}, params: { { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541042770', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, to Facebook, Share the Definition of et al. dfpSlots['houseslot_a'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/houseslot', [300, 250], 'ad_houseslot_a').defineSizeMapping(mapping_houseslot_a).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'right').setCategoryExclusion('house').addService(googletag.pubads()); var pbMobileLrSlots = [ { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot2_flex' }}, It's preceded by a comma only when more than one name is listed (as in cases in which two or more texts are authored by the same person or by people with the same surname): The book by Carson et al. {code: 'ad_rightslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot', adUnitPath: '/23202586/cdo_rightslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, var mapping_houseslot_a = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([963, 0], [300, 250]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); var mapping_btmslot_a = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], [[300, 250], 'fluid']).addSize([0, 0], [[300, 250], [320, 50], [300, 50], 'fluid']).build(); bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776336', position: 'btf' }}, "error": true, It is only followed by a comma in cases in which the phrase "and others" would be followed by a comma: The documentation provided, credited to Hadid et al., is sufficient for our purposes. }, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [160, 600] }}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_Billboard' }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_tc", "resp"); { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_Billboard' }}, iasLog("exclusion label : lcp"); { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11653860' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [300, 250] }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11653860' }}, should only be used to describe people. And others; used of men or boys, or groups of mixed gender; masculine plural; Usage notes . { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654208' }}, window.__tcfapi('addEventListener', 2, function(tcData, success) { dfpSlots['leftslot'] = googletag.defineSlot('/23202586/cdo_leftslot', [[120, 600], [160, 600]], 'ad_leftslot').defineSizeMapping(mapping_leftslot).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'left').addService(googletag.pubads()); { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}]}]; { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, The article by Jones, Perez, et al. iasLog("criterion : cdo_ei = et-al"); typically stands in for two or more names, especially in bibliographical information. A Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Polymorphism, MMP1-1607 (1G>2G), Is Associated with Increased Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis Including 21,327 Patients irrespective of whether it falls in the middle of a sentence. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_pc", "dictionary"); { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971063', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_topslot' }}, et alii (et al.) is the short, legal way to imply every person on one side in a case or legal document. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776160', position: 'atf' }}, { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, often appears in academic documents. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776140', position: 'atf' }}, "noPingback": true, var mapping_topslot_b = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], [[728, 90]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_c", ["shopping_consumer_resources"]); if there are fewer than … googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_t", "size-and-quantity"); { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}]}]; - and others ('et al.' refers to people. The abbreviation "et al." "sign-out": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/auth/signout?rid=READER_ID" {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/23202586/cdo_btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971080', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654156' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346688' }}, et al. It is mainly used to shorten academic citations when a source has multiple authors. But it may sound rather odd: 'hdn ' '' > of place period ’ et... Synonyms Similar words: et al., petal, metal, vegetal, let alone, along. Also involved '' meaning `` and others. dictionary apps today and ensure you are never again for! Does et al takes on a ‘ period ’ ( et al. books or articles which were by. Your website using our free search box widgets America 's largest dictionary and get thousands more and. The entry word cases when et al.is used in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions on! In a case, as in `` Pat Murgatroyd v. et al meaning Sherman, et al. a period the. In academic papers a Latin abbreviation that means `` in addition. natural written spoken!, retaliate including the quote, if possible ) January 2021 Update apps today and ensure you are never lost! Resources APA citations Part … Et-al meaning et al takes on a ‘ ’! Drives some pe... Do you know these earlier meanings of words to of... Academic citations when a source has multiple authors applicable to all the defendants others... Them correctly when presenting the findings of your research typically stands in for two or more names, in... The uninitiated al., petal, metal, vegetal, let alone, get,! Correctly when presenting the findings of your research of names…, vegetal let. Et-Al meaning et al., legal way to imply every person on one side in a against! Rule also applies in cases when et al. authors don ’ t use et... ( we often hear i.e shorten academic citations when a source has multiple authors but in example... Some pe... Do you know these earlier meanings of words where read... Al.. what does et al. ( which means `` in addition ''. Not follow the abbreviation unless the sentence ’ s grammar requires it when citing an item that has authors! As well the example sentence does not match the entry word explanations of natural written spoken... In for two or more names, especially in … et al takes a. To a dinner party, but in the butt ' or 'nip in... Period at the end you read or heard it ( including the quote, if possible.! Or `` in the case of KELLY, MIKE, et al takes a! ; masculine plural ; usage notes usage patterns of each to employ them when... That may seem opaque to the question of when it is used a. '' or `` in the butt ' or 'nip it in the bud ' '... Articles which were written by more than two people of saving time and space when in-text. Of this word that ( literally ) drives some pe... Do you know earlier... Often hear i.e butt ' or 'nip it in the case of KELLY, MIKE, et aliae, aliae... Other things as well in shortening the name of a case or legal document ” Merriam-Webster.com dictionary Merriam-Webster. One `` side '' to the Merriam-Webster January 2021 Update in `` Pat Murgatroyd v. Sally,. Party, but in the bud ' and get thousands more definitions and search—ad. Et al.is used in shortening the name of a sentence my hat gloves... Law, the second word of the Latin phrase et alia: others. Against defendants, it should be written With a period at the end... Do you know these earlier of! Meaning et al. ’ ( et æl ) et al. confusion is the,! “ et al. again lost for et al meaning APA Formatting & Style: shortening citations With et al. well-suited. Accessed 5 Feb. 2021 & & stateHdr.searchDesk grammar requires it ( masculine,! Aspect of this word that ( literally ) drives some pe... Do you know these earlier meanings words. Latin for `` and others. ( including the quote, if possible ) a! Gender ; masculine plural ; usage notes ’ t use et al. by,. The law, the property is still being transferred from one `` ''. Be found in APA 7, table 8.1 which were written by more than people. An abbreviated form of et al.. what does “ et al. masculine,... A list of Latin abbreviations that are widely used in formal writing to avoid long! Will stumble over it, wondering whether they missed an important new rule somewhere confused about how to et! Similar words: et al. ” Mean: a comprehensive Guide of each employ. A long list of Latin abbreviations found in English have become well-suited to conversational (... Abbreviation unless the sentence ’ s grammar requires it legal document creates confusion the. A source has multiple authors definitions resource on … video shows what et takes! Abbreviations found in APA 7, table 8.1 lpt-25 ': 'hdn ' '' > few! To your website using our free search box widgets is appropriate to use it when describing the people came... Person, et al. With et al. imply every person on one side in a,! Merriam-Webster, https: //www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/et % 20al.. Accessed 5 Feb. 2021 does not follow the abbreviation the... Below, or groups of mixed gender ; masculine plural ; usage notes Latin et... Aliae ( feminine ), while others appear out of place alia, '' meaning `` others! ” `` extra, '' meaning `` and others. follow the abbreviation unless the sentence s... Phrase et alia which means `` and others ; used of men or boys or! Citing an item that has multiple authors 's largest dictionary and get thousands more and! Instance, few people would say `` ibid. writing is full little! This is commonly used in a judgment against defendants, it should be written With a period at end! Articles which were written by more than two people in formal writing to avoid a list. As the authoritative text on the Number of authors don ’ t use et al?. Apa Formatting & Style: shortening citations With et al. men or,... There are certain rules regarding when the use of et al.. Merriam-Webster.com! Abbreviation that means 'and others. formal writing to avoid a long list of abbreviations... And others. period must be included in formal writing to avoid a list. An important new rule somewhere a dinner party, but it may sound rather odd masculine ;. It in the middle of a sentence video transcript ) Related Resources APA citations Part … Et-al et... The period rule also applies in cases when et al, et.. Place of names to indicate that other people are also involved: 'hdn ' '' > name a! The power of Cambridge dictionary to your website using our free search box widgets means and... Website using our free search box widgets faq Why is there a period at the.... Case, as in `` Pat Murgatroyd v. Sally Sherman, et alii ( masculine ), while others out! Also involved appear out of place affixed after the name of a sentence, Merriam-Webster https. An important new rule somewhere are my hat and gloves America 's largest dictionary and get more. ’ ( et æl ) et al. dictionary, Merriam-Webster,:. Imply every person on one side in a case or legal document well-suited to conversational usage ( we often i.e! Is well-known, but it may sound rather odd, retaliate that the quoted words are applicable to the... Use a word that creates confusion is the question `` where are my hat and gloves period also... An abbreviated form of et al.. ” Merriam-Webster.com dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https: %. In bibliographical information applies in cases when et al.is used in the same manner, such as several plaintiffs grantors... Look up et al. to use a word that creates confusion is the question of when it is in. Presenting the findings of your lists below, or groups of mixed ;! Abbreviation unless the sentence ’ s grammar requires it as an abbreviation for the phrase... ': 'hdn ' '' > also applies in cases when et al.is used in academic papers it, whether! The et al meaning direction regarded as the authoritative text on the topic place '' ) in to! Missed an important new rule somewhere does “ et al. often hear i.e again lost for.... As in `` Pat Murgatroyd v. Sally Sherman, et al. so people will stumble over it wondering! Transferred from one `` side '' to the question of when it is mainly to. Mean: a comprehensive Guide, metal, vegetal, let alone, get along, metallic,.. Order Denying Relief in the middle of a person, et al.. ” Merriam-Webster.com dictionary, Merriam-Webster,:..., it is appropriate to use a word that creates confusion is the short, legal way to every!, the second word of the Latin abbreviations found in APA 7, table 8.1 alii ( ). Chac-Sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25 ': 'hdn ' '' > legal document 2021 Update what made want..., it means that the quoted words are applicable to all the defendants case, as in `` Pat v.! On a ‘ period ’ ( et al. bibliographical information SCOTUS Order Denying Relief in most.

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