origin of the universe
20 十二月 2020

Models that aim to describe the universe and physics during the Planck epoch are generally speculative and fall under the umbrella of "New Physics". The ultimate fate of the universe. 1 No other scientific question is more fundamental or provokes such spirited debate among researchers. c Using the 10-metre Keck II telescope on Mauna Kea, Richard Ellis of the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena and his team found six star forming galaxies about 13.2 billion light-years away and therefore created when the universe was only 500 million years old. There is also currently an observational effort underway to detect the faint 21 cm spin line radiation, as it is in principle an even more powerful tool than the cosmic microwave background for studying the early universe. The answer depends on the amount of mass that the universe contains. [55], These observations have narrowed down the period of time during which reionization took place, but the source of the photons that caused reionization is still not completely certain. At around 100,000 years, the universe has cooled enough for helium hydride, the first molecule, to form. − In some models it is described as including the inflationary epoch. A good account of the origin of the universe and concepts of theories, our existence and matters of the universe with a great foundation for those interested in the area and beginners wanting to find out more about this topic. Large voids with few stars will develop between them, marking where dark matter became less common. Beyond this, all objects in the universe will cool and (with the possible exception of protons) gradually decompose back to their constituent particles and then into subatomic particles and very low level photons and other fundamental particles, by a variety of possible processes. Proxima Centauri ? a Going forward, this provides a model of the universe which matches all current physical observations extremely closely. Tiny ripples in the universe at this stage are believed to be the basis of large-scale structures that formed much later. It shows the main events that occurred between the initial phase of the cosmos - where its properties were almost uniform and punctuated only by tiny fluctuations - to the rich variety of cosmic structure that we observe today, ranging from stars and planets to galaxies and galaxy clusters. Composite subatomic particles emerge—including protons and neutrons—and from about 2 minutes, conditions are suitable for nucleosynthesis: around 25% of the protons and all the neutrons fuse into heavier elements, initially deuterium which itself quickly fuses into mainly helium-4. Just before recombination, the baryonic matter in the universe was at a temperature where it formed a hot ionized plasma. If the universe's mass exceeds a certain crucial value, then gravity should eventually stop everything from flying away from everything else. [32] (Much of the rest of its mass-energy is in the form of neutrinos and other relativistic particles[citation needed]). At some point, high energy photons from the earliest stars, dwarf galaxies and perhaps quasars leads to a period of reionization that commences gradually between about 250-500 million years, is complete by about 700-900 million years, and diminishes by about 1 billion years (exact timings still being researched). Adherents of the Big Bang believe that this small but incredibly dense point of primitive matter/energy exploded. Matter density falls below dark energy density (, The time between the first formation of Population III stars until the cessation of, The background of this box approximates the original. As this field settled into its lowest energy state throughout the universe, it generated an enormous repulsive force that led to a rapid expansion of the metric that defines space itself. The exact timings of the first stars, galaxies, supermassive black holes, and quasars, and the start and end timings and progression of the period known as reionization, are still being actively researched, with new findings published periodically. This has two related effects: After electroweak symmetry breaking, the fundamental interactions we know of—gravitation, electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions—have all taken their present forms, and fundamental particles have their expected masses, but the temperature of the universe is still too high to allow the stable formation of many particles we now see in the universe, so there are no protons or neutrons, and therefore no atoms, atomic nuclei, or molecules. It is well known that the CMB has irregularities. By the end of recombination, most of the protons in the universe have formed neutral atoms. In other models, reheating is often considered to mark the start of the electroweak epoch, and some theories, such as warm inflation, avoid a reheating phase entirely.  (10%), where At certain temperatures/energies, water molecules change their behaviour and structure, and they will behave completely differently. During the Dark Ages, the temperature of the universe cooled from some 4000 K to about 60 K (3727 °C to about −213 °C), and only two sources of photons existed: the photons released during recombination/decoupling (as neutral hydrogen atoms formed), which we can still detect today as the cosmic microwave background (CMB), and photons occasionally released by neutral hydrogen atoms, known as the 21 cm spin line of neutral hydrogen. Theological theory Big Bang Theory Mrs. Johanna Fabre LOGOS Academy 2. Finally, forces and interactions even on the. These same photons can still be detected as radio waves today. 50.) In trying to describe a creation process through scientific language we … But from about 9.8 billion years of cosmic time, observations show that the expansion of the universe slowly stops decelerating, and gradually begins to accelerate again, instead. This theory was proposed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle. In fact, almost no antibaryons are observed in nature. As the universe expanded and cooled, it crossed transition temperatures at which forces separated from each other. It is therefore an opaque plasma. Multiple scientific theories, plus creation myths from around the world, have tried to explain its mysterious genesis. This phenomenon occurs when a source of waves, such as light or sound, is moving with respect to an observer or listener. Before this epoch, the evolution of the universe could be understood through linear cosmological perturbation theory: that is, all structures could be understood as small deviations from a perfect homogeneous universe. [25] Similarly, deuterium fuses extremely easily; any alternative explanation must also explain how conditions existed for deuterium to form, but also left some of that deuterium unfused and not immediately fused again into helium. The earliest structures to form are the first stars (known as Population III stars), dwarf galaxies, and quasars (which are thought to be bright, early active galaxies containing a supermassive black hole surrounded by an inward-spiralling accretion disk of gas). Since the Big Bang explosion, they reason, the universe has been expanding. . Theory of Eternal Inflation. Primordial black holes are a hypothetical type of black hole proposed in 1966,[27] that may have formed during the so-called radiation-dominated era, due to the high densities and inhomogeneous conditions within the first second of cosmic time. The properties of dark matter that allow it to collapse quickly without radiation pressure, also mean that it cannot lose energy by radiation either. The quark–gluon plasma that composes the universe cools until hadrons, including baryons such as protons and neutrons, can form. At around 47,000 years,[2] as the universe cools, its behaviour begins to be dominated by matter rather than radiation. ρ [11][12][13][14][15] However, on 19 June 2014, lowered confidence in confirming the cosmic inflation findings was reported [14][16][17] and finally, on 2 February 2015, a joint analysis of data from BICEP2/Keck and the European Space Agency's Planck microwave space telescope concluded that the statistical "significance [of the data] is too low to be interpreted as a detection of primordial B-modes" and can be attributed mainly to polarized dust in the Milky Way.[18][19][20]. It’s concerning the expansion and retraction … (The ratio later falls to 1:7 due to neutron decay). The origin of the universe is the origin of everything. British astrophysicist Fred Hoyle and others argued that the universe was not only uniform in space—an idea called the cosmological principle—but also unchanging in time, a concept called the perfect cosmological principle. Rather, matter is continuously created via a succession of "Little Bangs," perhaps associated with mysterious quasars. Dark energy is now believed to be the single largest component of the universe, as it constitutes about 68.3% of the entire mass-energy of the physical universe. Enqvist, K., & Sirkka, J. The masses of particles and their superpartners would then no longer be equal. A 1:7 ratio of hadrons would indeed produce the observed element ratios in the early as well as current universe. However, by this time, matter had become far more spread out due to the ongoing expansion of the universe. [52], The October 2010 discovery of UDFy-38135539, the first observed galaxy to have existed during the following reionization epoch, gives us a window into these times. Sun ? a Structures may have begun to emerge from around 150 million years, and early galaxies emerged from around 380 to 700 million years. (1993). About 4 billion years ago the expansion gradually began to speed up again. 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