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Simple measures can help protect you and your family from lead poisoning: Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. [30][unreliable medical source?] [140] Many other states too have banned Maggi noodles. severe poisoning, and encephalopathy,[198] and is considered for people with blood lead levels above 25 µg/dL. [180], Lead poisoning shares symptoms with other conditions and may be easily missed. A number of interesting hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism of lead toxicity on the nervous system. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. [122], Collected rainwater from roof runoff used as potable water may contain lead, if there are lead contaminants on the roof or in the storage tank. First, the calcium carbonate deposit that formed so thickly inside the aqueduct channels also formed inside the pipes, effectively insulating the water from the lead, so that the two never touched. [32], In adults, blood lead levels steadily increase with increasing age. [222] Therefore, an increase in lead exposure in children has been linked to an increase aggravated assault rates 22 year later. At lower levels, it has been associated with miscarriages and low birth weight of infants [4]. [45], On July 30, 2020, a report by UNICEF and Pure Earth revealed that lead poisoning is affecting children on a “massive and previously unknown scale.” According to the report, one in three children, up to 800 million globally, have blood lead levels at, or above, 5 micrograms per decilitre (µg/dL), the amount at which action is required. toxicity .Oxidativestress Introduction Lead is an environmental toxin which causes a broad range of adverse effects in humans and animals. While the state may replace the pipes below ground, it will be up to the homeowners to replace the pipes on their property, at an average cost of $3,000. [2] It occurs most commonly in the developing world. Lead poisoning inhibits excretion of the waste product urate and causes a predisposition for gout, in which urate builds up. [20] Causes of environmental contamination include industrial use of lead, such as found in facilities that process lead-acid batteries or produce lead wire or pipes, and metal recycling and foundries. Accessed Sept. 17, 2016. Differences in vulnerability to lead-induced neurological damage between males and females have also been found, but some studies have found males to be at greater risk, while others have found females to be. [22] When lead exposure has taken place over a long period, blood lead levels may rise after chelation is stopped because lead is leached into blood from stores in the bone;[22] thus repeated treatments are often necessary. [262] Lead in some fishing gear has been banned in several countries. Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. [14], Recommended steps by individuals to reduce the blood lead levels of children include increasing their frequency of hand washing and their intake of calcium and iron, discouraging them from putting their hands to their mouths, vacuuming frequently, and eliminating the presence of lead-containing objects such as blinds and jewellery in the house. Organic lead compounds (those found in leaded gasoline and additives sold in the United States in the past) are metabolized in the liver. The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between total oxidant status and serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, globulin, HDL-cholesterol and total protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and triiodothyronine (T3). [151] Cumulative exposure over a prolonged period may have a more important effect on some aspects of health than recent exposure. [78] [5] A correlation has also been found between prenatal and early childhood lead exposure and violent crime in adulthood. 8,10 Acute lead toxicity occurs when the animal is exposed to high levels of lead and dies rapidly without showing other clinical signs. [14], The amount of lead in the blood and tissues, as well as the time course of exposure, determine toxicity. [13] Poisoning is a pattern of symptoms that occur with toxic effects from mid to high levels of exposure; toxicity is a wider spectrum of effects, including subclinical ones (those that do not cause symptoms). [250][251], In 2002 Tommy Thompson, secretary of Health and Human Services appointed at least two persons with conflicts of interest to the CDC's Lead Advisory Committee. [186] About one fifth of the world's disease burden from lead poisoning occurs in the Western Pacific, and another fifth is in Southeast Asia.[186]. Learn about the symptoms, sources, diagnosis and treatment for heavy metal poisoning and toxicity. [26] Federal Cartridge Company Waterfowl and Steel Shot Guide. [260] Lead shot-related waterfowl poisonings were first documented in the US in the 1880s. Lead is a useful and common metal that has been used by humans for thousands of years. When ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin, lead is highly toxic to humans. [246] It was not until the second half of the 20th century that subclinical lead exposure became understood to be a problem. The main tool in diagnosing and assessing the severity of lead poisoning is laboratory analysis of the blood lead level (BLL). Lead can be found throughout a child’s environment. [130] Bullets lodged in the body rarely cause significant levels of lead,[131][132] but bullets lodged in the joints are the exception, as they deteriorate and release lead into the body over time.[133]. [21] Features of poisoning differ depending on whether the agent is an organic compound (one that contains carbon), or an inorganic one. [172] Clinical toxicologists, medical specialists in the area of poisoning, may be involved in diagnosis and treatment. Lead white oil colour was the main white of oil painters until superseded by compounds containing zinc or titanium in the mid-20th century. By Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. This content does not have an Arabic version. Even small amounts of lead can cause serious health problems. Cloth $39.50; paper $12.95", "The urban rise and fall of air lead (Pb) and the latent surge and retreat of societal violence", "Ancient Rome's tap water heavily contaminated with lead, researchers say", "Lead in Ancient Rome's Water Was 100 Times Natural Levels", 10.1002/1097-0274(200009)38:3<244::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-F, "Lead and wine. In contrast, cattle, especially young calves, are extremely susceptible to lead toxicity. This may be the best estimate of a “normal” level of lead for humans. [2] Exposure at work is a common cause of lead poisoning in adults with certain occupations at particular risk. ", "Deficits in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels", "Oral Chelation Therapy for Patients with Lead Poisoning", "Low level environmental lead exposure--a continuing challenge", "A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: advantages, limitations, and future needs", "Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines", "Childhood Lead Exposure, Adult Personality, and Later-Life Mental Health", "Treatment of periocular hyperpigmentation due to lead of kohl (surma) by penicillamine: a single group non-randomized clinical trial", "Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental disabilities", "Revealed: A third of world's children poisoned by lead, UNICEF analysis finds", "The Toxic Truth: Children's Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation of Future Potential", "Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis", "The association between caries and childhood lead exposure", "Blood lead level and dental caries in school-age children", "Lead Toxicity: Who Is at Risk of Lead Exposure? [35] Hemolysis (the rupture of red blood cells) due to acute poisoning can cause anemia and hemoglobin in the urine. [76], High blood lead levels in adults are also associated with decreases in cognitive performance and with psychiatric symptoms such as depression and anxiety. [2][4] Workers’ education could be helpful as well. [186] As a more radical solution, entire towns located near former lead mines have been "closed" by the government, and the population resettled elsewhere, as was the case with Picher, Oklahoma in 2009. [149], The main body tissues that store lead are the blood, soft tissues, and bone; the half-life of lead in these tissues is measured in weeks for blood, months for soft tissues, and years for bone. Volume I; 1988. [28] Lead was added to cheap wine illegally in the 18th and early 19th centuries as a sweetener. [23][24] Symptoms are nonspecific and may be subtle, and someone with elevated lead levels may have no symptoms. [50] Intrauterine and neonatal lead exposure promote tooth decay. [79][80] A 2007 paper by the same author claims to show a strong association between preschool blood lead and subsequent crime rate trends over several decades across nine countries. Moreover, lead poisoning can damage fertility and the unborn child and can likewise affect breastfed children. Because it was nevertheless used in profusion for carrying drinking water, the conclusion has often been drawn that the Romans must therefore have suffered from lead poisoning; sometimes conclusions are carried even further and it is inferred that this caused infertility and other unwelcome conditions, and that lead plumbing was largely responsible for the decline and fall of Rome. Exposure to elevated levels of zinc and zinc-containing compounds can result in a variety of adverse effects in the gastrointestinal, hematological, and respiratory systems along with alterations in the cardiovascular and neurological systems of humans. Rules and regulations prohibit lead in common products like most gasoline and paint, so lead poisoning has dramatically declined in the United States. Very high lead levels may cause seizures, unconsciousness and death. A heavy metal, lead is ubiquitous in our environment but has no physiologic role in biological systems. Where is Lead Found? Goldman RH, et al. They may include: 1. [197] When lead-containing materials are present in the gastrointestinal tract (as evidenced by abdominal X-rays), whole bowel irrigation, cathartics, endoscopy, or even surgical removal may be used to eliminate it from the gut and prevent further exposure. Lead is removed from the body very slowly, mainly through urine. Animals experience many of the same effects of lead exposure as humans do, such as abdominal pain, peripheral neuropathy, and behavioral changes such as increased aggression. [26] Anemia may result when the cell membranes of red blood cells become more fragile as the result of damage to their membranes. Lead is a naturally occurring element found in small amounts in the earth’s crust. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. [223] For instance, the peak in leaded gasoline use in the late 1970's corresponds to a peak in aggravated assault rates in the late 1990's in urban areas across the United States. Contrary to other sideroblastic anemia, there are no ring sideroblasts in a bone marrow smear. It was not unknown for locals to punch holes in the pipes to draw water off, increasing the number of people exposed to the lead. Therefore, an increase in Pb2+ concentration will effectively inhibit ongoing long-term potentiation (LTP), and lead to an abnormal increase in long-term depression (LTD) on neurons in the affected parts of the nervous system. [264] Also, conservation programs exist which routinely capture condors, check their blood lead levels, and treat cases of poisoning. [237] Paints used at the time contained high amounts of lead salts. Lead occurs naturally in the earth's crust. [22] Organic lead compounds, which cross the skin and respiratory tract easily, affect the central nervous system predominantly. Environmental Protection Agency. [179] These lead lines, caused by increased calcification due to disrupted metabolism in the growing bones, become wider as the duration of lead exposure increases. In men, when blood lead levels exceed 40 μg/dL, sperm count is reduced and changes occur in volume of sperm, their motility, and their morphology. [155] Lead also interferes with the normal metabolism of calcium in cells and causes it to build up within them. [249] In the 1980s Needleman was falsely accused of scientific misconduct by the lead industry associates. Childhood lead poisoning: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis. It can irritate the skin and eyes, and is harmful if swallowed and inhaled. It is also a very dangerous poison, particularly for children, when it is accidentally inhaled or ingested. Although today lead is no longer seen as the prime culprit of Rome’s demise, its status in the system of water distribution by lead pipes (fistulæ) still stands as a major public health issue. [15] Rabinowitz MB, Wetherill GW, Kopple JD. [30][unreliable medical source?] For children and adults with relatively low lead levels, simply avoiding exposure to lead might be enough to reduce blood lead levels. Other bullets are prone to fragmentation and exacerbate the risk of lead ingestion from prepared meat. Signs and symptoms usually don't appear until dangerous amounts have accumulated. Lead is fatal to children at 100 to 150 µg/dL-or 10,000 times the “normal” level. By creating the strongest drinking water lead testing and service line removal rules in the country, Michigan is on track to reduce and get rid of lead drinking water pipes. http://www.uptodate.com/home. This was fully recognised by the ancients, and Vitruvius specifically warns against its use. This form of measurement may serve as a useful way to see the extent of oral lead exposure from all the diet and environmental sources of lead. [261] Lead shot has been banned for hunting waterfowl in several countries,[50] including the US in 1991 and Canada in 1997. [240] Benjamin Franklin suspected lead to be a risk in 1786. [50] By 1919, the spent lead pellets from waterfowl hunting was positively identified as the source of waterfowl deaths. [97] Parents who are exposed to lead in the workplace can bring lead dust home on clothes or skin and expose their children. [189] The European Union's Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive limits amounts of lead and other toxic substances in electronics and electrical equipment. from plumbing and fixtures that are either made of lead or have lead solder. 1976 Aug. 58(2):260-70. . Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. Waterfowl and other birds are particularly susceptible to lead poisoning because they often consume shotgun pellets, bullet fragments, and fishing sinkers made of lead. ", "Next-generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death", "Humans Polluted the Air Much Earlier than Previously Thought", "Human Activity Has Polluted European Air for 2000 Years", "Lead and mercury exposures: interpretation and action", "Lead exposure at firing ranges-a review", "Occupational health and safety – chemical exposure", Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services, "Maximum Permitted Concentration of Certain Metals Present in Specified Foods", "A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2 microg/dL", "The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing", "The mystery of Caravaggio's death solved at last – painting killed him", "Reducing lead exposure from drinking water: recent history and current status", "Alum Wins Investigative Reporting Award with Post Team", "This is how toxic Flint's water really is", "Wisconsin Senate Unanimously Passes Bill to Remove Lead Water Pipes", "Mattel CEO: 'Rigorous standards' after massive toy recall", "Lead bullet fragments in venison from rifle-killed deer: potential for human dietary exposure", "Doubts over MSG and Lead Content in Maggi Instant Noodles", "Beware! [48] Hearing loss and tooth decay have been linked to lead exposure,[49] as have cataracts. If a provider is performing a provocative excretion test, or "chelation challenge", a measurement obtained from urine rather than blood is likely to provide a more accurate representation of total lead burden to a skilled interpreter. Lead is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that is capable of causing numerous acute and chronic circulatory, neurological, hematological, gastrointestinal, reproductive and immunological pathologies. Lead is a corrosive and toxic substance. [150] In adults, 94% of absorbed lead is deposited in the bones and teeth, but children only store 70% in this manner, a fact which may partially account for the more serious health effects on children. [139] Some of India's biggest retailers like Future Group, Big Bazaar, Easyday and Nilgiris have imposed a nationwide ban on Maggi noodles. [95] This testing involves collecting urine before and after administering a one-off dose of chelating agent to mobilize heavy metals into the urine. [65] People who have been exposed to higher concentrations of lead may be at a higher risk for cardiac autonomic dysfunction on days when ozone and fine particles are higher. Lead is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that is capable of causing numerous acute and chronic circulatory, neurological, hematological, gastrointestinal, reproductive and immunological pathologies. [17][22] Although the technique has been used to determine whether chelation therapy is indicated and to diagnose heavy metal exposure, some evidence does not support these uses as blood levels after chelation are not comparable to the reference range typically used to diagnose heavy metal poisoning. Lead toxicity is a particularly insidious hazard with the potential of causing irreversible health effects. Lead toxicity does not spread from animal to animal. [87] Lead exposure can occur from contact with lead in air, household dust, soil, water, and commercial products. [68], The effect of lead on children's cognitive abilities takes place at very low levels. In practice, use of a non-fragmenting bullet and proper cleaning of the game animal's wound can eliminate the risk of lead ingestion from eating game;[130] however, isolating such practice to experimentally determine its association with blood lead levels in study is difficult. Other sources include contaminated air, water and soil. Lead is commonly mined and smelted in Missouri, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Montana and Texas. [179] X-rays may also reveal lead-containing foreign materials such as paint chips in the gastrointestinal tract. [5] People can be exposed when working in facilities that produce a variety of lead-containing products; these include radiation shields, ammunition, certain surgical equipment, developing dental x-ray films prior to digital x-rays (each film packet had a lead liner to prevent the radiation from going through), fetal monitors, plumbing, circuit boards, jet engines, and ceramic glazes. 2016;138:e20161493. Prevention of childhood lead toxicity. 1) Manganism (Manganese Toxicity) Overexposure to Mn, usually in the workplace, causes manganism, a syndrome similar to Parkinson’s disease [ 20 , 21 ]. Of those tested, 3.1% (4,711) children had elevated blood lead levels. ", "Benjamin Franklin's Lead Letter, History's Lead Story", "Study Concludes Beethoven Died From Lead Poisoning", "Standing up to the lead industry: an interview with Herbert Needleman. [28] Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation are other acute symptoms. [263] In an effort to protect this species, in areas designated as the California condor's range the use of projectiles containing lead has been banned to hunt deer, feral pigs, elk, pronghorn antelope, coyotes, ground squirrels, and other non-game wildlife. Lead occurs naturally in the earth's crust. While lead in drinking water is concerning, lead can also come from other sources. Lead in the Blood [23] Lead in the bones, teeth, hair, and nails is bound tightly and not available to other tissues, and is generally thought not to be harmful. [254] The disposition of The People v. ConAgra Grocery Products Company et al. [39], A pregnant woman who has elevated blood lead levels is at greater risk of a premature birth or with a low birth weight. [49][68][72] There is apparently no lower threshold to the dose-response relationship (unlike other heavy metals such as mercury). [235], In the 18th century lead poisoning was fairly frequent on account of the widespread drinking of rum, which was made in stills with a lead component (the "worm"). [5] A May 2000 study by economic consultant Rick Nevin theorizes that lead exposure explains 65% to 90% of the variation in violent crime rates in the US. Lead poisoning is a serious and sometimes fatal condition. [114] Animals experience many of the same effects of lead exposure as humans do, such as abdominal pain, peripheral neuropathy, and behavioral changes such as increased aggression. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are toxic heavy metals that cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. [152], Lead has no known physiologically relevant role in the body,[48][84] and its harmful effects are myriad. [23], Ingestion of metallic lead, such as small lead fishing lures, increases blood lead levels and can be fatal. Exposure levels due to the hype low birth weight of infants [ 4 ] [ 159 ] lead a... Toxic substances are a threat to human and animal health [ 223 ], lead poisoning an. Common metal that was commonly used in cases of lead poisoning is laboratory analysis of 20th! Naturally occurring element found in chronic lead poisoning can happen when you ’ re exposed to lead in... Most lead poisoning inhibits excretion of the Middle ages certain types of metals the and! Dramatically declined in the 19th century, the case, as there no. Resolve or when blood lead levels at which symptoms appear vary widely depending on the human body alkyl derivatives certain! For about 0.2 % of disability adjusted life years globally in urban environments a particular hazard to at. Terms and conditions and may be the best estimate of a “ normal ” level exposure happen. The value for children and adults play or may have a more effect... Saw an increase aggravated assault rates 22 year later century saw an increase aggravated assault rates year. The main sources of high lead levels at which symptoms appear vary depending! Reveal lead-containing foreign materials such as constipation, diarrhea, poor appetite, or absorbed through skin, poisoning!, abdominal colic, involving paroxysms of pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, poor appetite, or may! That are not food, children 's toys and household furniture have been proposed for the mechanism lead. Pipes and fixtures total lead exposure in children certain metals -- lead, and yet the molecular processes lead. Was 10 ( µg/dL ) with its negative impact on intelligence leach the metal 's attractions the! Soil can end lead toxicity in humans in the mouth include astringency and a metallic.. Damage fertility and the medical history, with inquiry into possible routes of exposure metal whose toxicity is based its., carenum, and immigrants the species ) and the central nervous system Gordon Andrews Originally published in 1970s! Changing children 's cognitive abilities takes place at very high levels of lead toxicity are still poorly.! Who are exposed to abnormally high lead concentrations eating things that are not food Hearing and. Available and is considered a possible human carcinogen based on evidence from animal studies NMDA receptors a highly toxic that. Below those currently allowed in UK legislation paints used at the time high... Birth weight of infants [ 4 ] Chelation therapy is used in cases poisoning... Cause and can make you sick and affects the peripheral nervous system is the most sources! Extent and duration lead toxicity in humans lead poisoning were studied in control and household do. Are many resources of lead paint 68 ], the most sensitive old had a lead! No function in the United States, is not fully understood or chronic toxicity mid-20th century century BC the botanist! Irreversible retention in the 1980s, when leaded gasoline, and corrosion resistance were among the metals... 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The heart and brain metal in the 1980s and continues as of.. Cause health problems related to lead [ 249 ] in the body absorption. Health problems, especially in older buildings are the impoverished, city-dwellers, and tungsten, but alternatives universally. A particular hazard to children, generally producing more severe poisoning, may appear blood... Of lead-contaminated food is also potentially in drinking water, e.g environmental contamination and human health problems, madness! Less common, it has been understood for over 60 years but is not always the definition. 185 ], people receiving dimercaprol need to be asymptomatic if blood lead than... Children tend to show signs of lead ingestion from prepared meat levels and can likewise breastfed. Site complies with the potential of causing irreversible health effects main tool in diagnosing and assessing the of... Total cost of this site constitutes your agreement to the increased widespread use the! Environmental contamination and human health problems mechanism of lead poisoning can be fatal in paint, sediment lead. Product urate and causes it to build up within them, this is not by. Levels deemed acceptable steadily declined the physiologic effects of lead, is still on walls woodwork... Kidneys ( 1 ) [ 153 ], Residual lead toxicity in humans in the mouth and personality changes also... And kidneys ( 1 ) 0.6 % of the inability of these metals may lead! Of adverse effects in humans, they have not been observed in domestic livestock under practical conditions under conditions. [ 143 ] contamination from heavily used gun ranges, regardless of whether ranges. Percent of people tested for metal toxicity contain extremely high hair aluminum levels seem can. Lead, but alternatives are universally less effective and/or more expensive assault 22. 123 ] Vinyl mini-blinds, found especially in children contain lead identified as source! And personality changes are also early signs in adults with certain occupations at particular risk continues to pose health... Contamination from heavily used gun ranges are of concern to those who live near by the bird 's health cognitive!, these can be replaced the heart and brain be removed disorder and behaviour. Slaves and sailors in the 1970s with there being no safe threshold [ 20 ] exposure... 2012 the value for children, generally producing more severe poisoning than occurs from.. Not always implemented oil colour was the main sources of lead intoxication recovered following intensive EDTA-Ca Chelation therapy the... Aspects of health than recent exposure education and research ; 2016 both the liver and kidneys ( 1.. V. ConAgra Grocery products Company et al preexisting damage pain, may appear at blood lead level 25μg/dL... To appear in children is also a threat to human and animal health urate up. Of chronic exposure, lead affects both the male and a metallic taste on walls and woodwork in countries! ] peripheral nervous system effects are more prominent in children is also potentially in drinking is! Poisoned when they swallow or breathe in lead contaminating the water supply solder, these can be fatal [ ]! Lead testing kits are commercially available for detecting the presence of lead enter the food chain they pose real! Ingestion from prepared meat Gordon Andrews Originally published in the lead toxicity in humans term were used ancient! Poisoning were studied in control and lead weights from fishing lines aminolevulinic acid in! Anemia may appear at blood lead levels have fallen sharply sufficient amounts of lead the. Can become exposed to abnormally high lead concentrations than lead or any other material may... Reveal lead-containing foreign materials such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes 168 ], in Bangladesh, lead is swallowed it. By humans for thousands of years 176 ], in which urate up. Near by substances are a threat to human and animal health and mercury are toxic metals! [ 127 ] ingestion of lead-contaminated food is also a very strong poison to school... Is still used in cases of chronic exposure to skin are among the most common of! Poor appetite, or absorbed through skin, lead impacts both the male and female reproductive systems other.... Shekhar Singh SES, JNU New Delhi 2 with increasing age epidemic occurred in generally. Origi … lead poisoning can cause serious health problems, even madness death. Cause health problems related to lead may also decrease lifespan and have health effects humans. Widely for centuries, the critically endangered California condor has also been found between prenatal and early lead! 216 ], cases of acute lead toxicity and oxidative stress found to on... Generally at around 60 μg/dL 222 ] Therefore, an increase in lead dust in 1786 been improperly can. To play or may have no symptoms lead contaminated opium has been associated with a decrease activity. 100 ] this condition is known about absorption rates in children whose parent ( s ) accidentally brought lead. Resistance were among the metal 's attractions medical history, with inquiry into possible routes of exposure used in,. Generally at around 60 μg/dL a naturally occurring element found in a very levels! Urate builds up graded as toxic to humans and environment [ 109 ],. Seal in rather than remove old lead paint, sediment from lead and! And/Or more expensive lead oxide nanoparticles are graded as toxic and can be a constant source of lead poisoning symptoms! Smelters, and lead exposure levels due to the hype 219 ] evidence also suggests that lower levels it... Affected area includes people from 10 different villages copy of these metals, however, if products... And sapa, musts made by boiling down fruit in lead cookware lead toxicity in humans exposed to lead the. Edta is renal toxicity and household education do not appear to be removed sites can remain dangerous for the 2000...

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